Everything about Endemic Warfare totally explained
Endemic warfare is the state of continual, low-threshold
warfare in a
tribal warrior society. Endemic warfare is often highly ritualized and plays an important function in assisting the formation of a social structure among the tribes' men by proving themselves in battle. Typical activities associated with endemic warfare are
cattle raids and
abduction of women.
Human tendencies to
compete and social demands for group and individual
survival may conflict. Many societies possess a compromise: ritual fighting. Ritual fighting (or
ritual battle or
ritual warfare) permits the display of
courage, masculinity and the expression of emotion while resulting in relatively few wounds and even fewer deaths. Thus one can view the practice as a standard form of
conflict-resolution and/or as a healthy psycho-social exercise.
Native Americans often engaged in this activity but warfare occurs or occurred much more rarely in most other
hunter-gatherer cultures. In more formalised social environments representative
champions — not necessarily
leaders themselves — may represent a party and engage in ritual
single combat after the manner of David and
Goliath .
Warfare is known to several tribal societies, but some societies develop a particular emphasis of warrior culture (such as the
Nuer of Sudan, the
Māori of New Zealand, the
Dugum Dani of New Guinea, the
Yanomamö (dubbed "the Fierce People") of the Amazonas, or the
Germanic tribes of Iron Age Europe).
Endemic warfare isn't equivalent to "primitive warfare" in general, but is reserved for perpetual low-threshold conflicts. Communal societies are well capable of escalation to all-out wars of annihilation between tribes. Thus, in the
Amazonas, there was perpetual animosity between the neighboring tribes of the
Jivaro. A fundamental difference between wars enacted within the same tribe and against neighboring tribes is such that "wars between different tribes are in principle wars of extermination" .
The
Yanomamö of the Amazonas traditionally practiced a system of escalation of violence in several discrete stages.
The chest-pounding duel, the side-slapping duel, the club fight, and the spear-throwing fight. Further escalation results in raiding parties with the purpose of killing at least one member of the hostile faction. Finally, the highest stage of escalation is
Nomohoni or all-out massacres brought about by treachery.
Similar customs were known
Dugum Dani and the
Chimbu of New Guinea, the
Nuer of Sudan and the North American
Plains Indians. Among the Chimbu and the Dugum Dani, pig theft was the most common cause of conflict, even more frequent than abduction of women, while among the Yanomamö, the most frequent initial cause of warfare were accusations of sorcery. Warfare serves the function of easing intra-group tensions and has aspects of a game, or "overenthusiastic football" . Especially Dugum Dani "battles" have a conspicuous element of play, with one documented instance of a battle interrupted when both sides were distracted by throwing stones at a passing cockoo dove
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